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- John Adams
Shaker Loops (1978)
- Associated Music Publishers Inc (World)
arr. for string orchestra 1983
- str
- 3vn, va, 2vc, db
- 26 min
- 18th May 2025, Theaterfabrik Blaue Halle, Würzburg, Germany
- 8th June 2025, Theaterfabrik Blaue Halle, Würzburg, Germany
Programme Note
Composer Note:
Shaker Loops began as a string quartet with the title Wavemaker. At the time, like many a young composer, I was essentially unaware of the nature of those musical materials I had chosen for my tools. Having experienced a few of the seminal pieces of American Minimalism during the early 1970's, I thought their combination of stripped-down harmonic and rhythmic discourse might be just the ticket for my own unformed yearnings. I gradually developed a scheme for composing that was partly indebted to the repetitive procedures of Minimalism and partly an outgrowth of my interest in waveforms. The "waves" of Wavemaker were to be long sequences of oscillating melodic cells that created a rippling, shimmering complex of patterns like the surface of a slightly agitated pond or lake. But my technique lagged behind my inspiration, and this rippling pond very quickly went dry. Wavemaker crashed and burned at its first performance. The need for a larger, thicker ensemble and for a more flexible, less theory-bound means of composing became very apparent.
Fortunately I had in my students at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music an ensemble willing to tryout new ideas, and with the original Wavemaker scrapped I worked over the next four months to pick up the pieces and start over. I held on to the idea of the oscillating patterns and made an overall structure that could embrace much more variety and emotional range. Most importantly the quartet became a septet, thereby adding a sonic mass and the potential for more acoustical power. The "loops" idea was a technique from the era of tape music where small lengths of prerecorded tape attached end to end could repeat melodic or rhythmic figures ad infinitum. (Steve Reich's It's Gonna Rain is the paradigm of this technique.) The Shakers got into the act partly as a pun on the musical term "to shake", meaning either to make a tremolo with the bow across the string or else to trill rapidly from one note to another. The flip side of the pun was suggested by my own childhood memories of growing up not far from a defunct Shaker colony near Canterbury, New Hampshire. Although, as has since been pointed out to me, the term "Shaker" itself is derogatory, it nevertheless summons up the vision of these otherwise pious and industrious souls caught up in the ecstatic frenzy of a dance that culminated in an epiphany of physical and spiritual transcendence. This dynamic, almost electrically charged element, so out of place in the orderly mechanistic universe of Minimalism, gave the music its raison d'etre and ultimately led to the full realization of the piece. Shaker Loops continues to be one of my most performed pieces. There are partisans who favor the clarity and individualism of the solo septet version, and there are those who prefer the orchestral version for its added density and power. The piece has several times been choreographed and even enjoyed a moment of cult status in the movie Barfly, an autobiographical account of the poet Charles Bukowsky's down and out days on LA's Skid Row. In a famous scene Bukowsky (Mickey Rourke), having been battered and bloodied by his drunken girlfriend (Faye Dunaway) holes up in a flophouse room, writing poems in a fit of inspiration to the accompaniment of the insistent buzz of "Shaking and Trembling".
— John Adams
Shaker Loops began as a string quartet with the title Wavemaker. At the time, like many a young composer, I was essentially unaware of the nature of those musical materials I had chosen for my tools. Having experienced a few of the seminal pieces of American Minimalism during the early 1970's, I thought their combination of stripped-down harmonic and rhythmic discourse might be just the ticket for my own unformed yearnings. I gradually developed a scheme for composing that was partly indebted to the repetitive procedures of Minimalism and partly an outgrowth of my interest in waveforms. The "waves" of Wavemaker were to be long sequences of oscillating melodic cells that created a rippling, shimmering complex of patterns like the surface of a slightly agitated pond or lake. But my technique lagged behind my inspiration, and this rippling pond very quickly went dry. Wavemaker crashed and burned at its first performance. The need for a larger, thicker ensemble and for a more flexible, less theory-bound means of composing became very apparent.
Fortunately I had in my students at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music an ensemble willing to tryout new ideas, and with the original Wavemaker scrapped I worked over the next four months to pick up the pieces and start over. I held on to the idea of the oscillating patterns and made an overall structure that could embrace much more variety and emotional range. Most importantly the quartet became a septet, thereby adding a sonic mass and the potential for more acoustical power. The "loops" idea was a technique from the era of tape music where small lengths of prerecorded tape attached end to end could repeat melodic or rhythmic figures ad infinitum. (Steve Reich's It's Gonna Rain is the paradigm of this technique.) The Shakers got into the act partly as a pun on the musical term "to shake", meaning either to make a tremolo with the bow across the string or else to trill rapidly from one note to another. The flip side of the pun was suggested by my own childhood memories of growing up not far from a defunct Shaker colony near Canterbury, New Hampshire. Although, as has since been pointed out to me, the term "Shaker" itself is derogatory, it nevertheless summons up the vision of these otherwise pious and industrious souls caught up in the ecstatic frenzy of a dance that culminated in an epiphany of physical and spiritual transcendence. This dynamic, almost electrically charged element, so out of place in the orderly mechanistic universe of Minimalism, gave the music its raison d'etre and ultimately led to the full realization of the piece. Shaker Loops continues to be one of my most performed pieces. There are partisans who favor the clarity and individualism of the solo septet version, and there are those who prefer the orchestral version for its added density and power. The piece has several times been choreographed and even enjoyed a moment of cult status in the movie Barfly, an autobiographical account of the poet Charles Bukowsky's down and out days on LA's Skid Row. In a famous scene Bukowsky (Mickey Rourke), having been battered and bloodied by his drunken girlfriend (Faye Dunaway) holes up in a flophouse room, writing poems in a fit of inspiration to the accompaniment of the insistent buzz of "Shaking and Trembling".
— John Adams
Media
Shaker Loops (version for string orchestra): Shaking and Trembling
Shaker Loops (version for string orchestra): Hymning Slews
Shaker Loops (version for string orchestra): Loops and Verses
Shaker Loops (version for string orchestra): A Final Shaking
Scores
Features
- Catalogue Classics: Samuel Barber – Adagio for Strings
- Adagio for Strings by Samuel Barber is one of the best-known and most beloved concert works of all time. We present a selection of suitable programming partnerships.
Reviews
[John Adams's] Shaker Loops is a minimalist quartet that became a septet, then a piece for full strings. Edwards and Ensemble Modern's particularly good recording combines clarity and individualism with density and power, [in] its rapturous lyricism (middle movements) and high-octane energy (outer movements). Kretzschmar drives [the] rhythmically propulsive Phrygian Gates [in] its restless shifting of colour and pulse. This beautifully recorded CD is strongly recommended.
Discography
John Adams - Portrait
- LabelAnalekta
- Catalogue Number28732
- ConductorAngele Dubeau
- EnsembleLa Pietà
- Released15th February 2011
100 Best 20th Century Classics
- LabelEmi Classics
- Catalogue Number64249
- ConductorChristopher Warren-Green
- EnsembleLondon Chamber Orchestra
- Released28th June 2009
John Adams: Hallelujah Junction
- LabelNonesuch
- Catalogue Number512396
- Released7th October 2008
Of Beauty & Light - The Music of Philip Glass
- LabelNaxos
- Catalogue Number8504040
- EnsembleBournemouth Symphony Orchestra
- SoloistNathan Gunn, Baritone
- Released25th March 2008
The Silence of Being - The Music of Arvo Part
- LabelNaxos
- Catalogue Number8506015
- EnsembleBournemouth Symphony Orchestra
- Released25th March 2008
Sonic Rebellion - Alternative Classical Collection
- LabelNaxos
- Catalogue Number8570760
- ConductorMarin Alsop
- EnsembleBournemouth Symphony Orchestra
- Released25th September 2007
Reich: Variations; Adams: Shaker Loops
- LabelPhilips
- Catalogue Number000701302
- ConductorEdo de Waart
- EnsembleSan Francisco Symphony Orchestra
- Released4th June 2006
- LabelVirgin Classics
- Catalogue NumberVirgin VC 7 91168-2 / 260 655-218
- ConductorChristopher Warren-Green
- EnsembleThe London Chamber Orchestra
- LabelNonesuch
- Catalogue NumberNonesuch 79360-2
- ConductorJohn Adams
- EnsembleOrchestra of St. Luke's
- LabelNew Albion
- Catalogue Number14
- EnsembleRidge String Quartet
- SoloistGary Lowendusky (Double Bass), Judiyaba (Cello), Dan Smiley (Violin)
- LabelNaxos
- Catalogue Number8559031
- ConductorMarin Alsop
- EnsembleBournemouth Symphony Orchestra
- LabelOehms
- Catalogue Number363
- ConductorAchim Fiedler
- EnsembleLucerne Festival Strings
- LabelVirgin Classics
- Catalogue Number61851
- ConductorChristopher Warren-Green
- EnsembleLondon Chamber Orchestra
- LabelNonesuch
- Catalogue Number79453
- ConductorJohn Adams
- EnsembleOrchestra of St. Luke's
The A List
- LabelPlaylist
Shaker Loops
- LabelRca Victor Red Seal
- Catalogue Number68674
- ConductorSiân Edwards
- EnsembleEnsemble Modern
EMI American Classics
- LabelEmi Classics
- Catalogue Number06627
- ConductorChristopher Warren-Green
- EnsembleLondon Chamber Orchestra
Minimalist
- LabelVirgin Classics
- Catalogue Number63308
- ConductorChristopher Warren-Green
- EnsembleLondon Chamber Orchestra
